M\u00f9a m\u01b0a, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nu\u00f4i c\u00e1, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1eed th\u00e1ch m\u00e0 thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7t ra kh\u00f4ng b\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc. M\u01b0a mang \u0111\u1ebfn ngu\u1ed3n n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed1i nguy ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n n\u1ebfu b\u00e0 con kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd. N\u01b0\u1edbc ao thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1eb7n, \u0111\u1ed9 pH, ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 h\u00f2a tan, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nguy c\u01a1 d\u1ecbch b\u1ec7nh gia t\u0103ng \u2014 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi nu\u00f4i c\u00e1 ph\u1ea3i \u201ctr\u0103m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ngh\u00ecn k\u1ebf\u201d. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1eebng lo, h\u00f4m nay ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd c\u00f9ng nhau kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c x\u1eed l\u00fd n\u01b0\u1edbc ao nu\u00f4i c\u00e1 trong m\u00f9a m\u01b0a, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe cho \u0111\u00e0n c\u00e1 m\u00e0 c\u00f2n gi\u00fap l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 con kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb thua l\u1ed7 b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng tr\u1eadn m\u01b0a b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd.<\/p>\n
Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1eaft tay v\u00e0o x\u1eed l\u00fd, b\u00e0 con c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5: n\u01b0\u1edbc trong ao nu\u00f4i c\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u201cch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7y l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u201d. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng, n\u01a1i c\u00e1, vi sinh v\u1eadt, th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt th\u1ee7y sinh c\u00f9ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. M\u00f9a m\u01b0a, n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb s\u00f4ng, su\u1ed1i, ho\u1eb7c m\u01b0a tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o ao l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng:<\/p>\n
\u0110\u1ed9 m\u1eb7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 ki\u1ec1m<\/strong>: M\u01b0a l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 mu\u1ed1i, ki\u1ec1m gi\u1ea3m, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ee3.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 oxy h\u00f2a tan<\/strong>: Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t, oxy h\u00f2a tan c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m sau m\u01b0a l\u1edbn, khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1 b\u1ecb stress.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n Ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc<\/strong>: N\u01b0\u1edbc m\u01b0a k\u00e9o theo b\u1ee5i b\u1ea9n, l\u00e1 c\u00e2y r\u1ee5ng, ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i t\u1eeb c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c l\u00e2n c\u1eadn. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng BOD (l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00f4xy c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1), d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn thi\u1ebfu oxy trong ao.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u00fap b\u00e0 con ch\u1ecdn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u00e1 ch\u1ebft h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3m t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng, gi\u1ea3m l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n M\u1ed9t b\u00ed quy\u1ebft quan tr\u1ecdng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ai c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd: v\u1ec7 sinh ao tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00f9a m\u01b0a ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng b\u1ec7nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t<\/strong>.<\/p>\n L\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00e1y ao<\/strong>: Lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf b\u00f9n c\u0169, x\u00e1c c\u00e1 ch\u1ebft, l\u00e1 c\u00e2y r\u1ee5ng, c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i h\u1eefu c\u01a1. B\u00e0 con c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e0o ho\u1eb7c h\u00fat b\u00f9n b\u1eb1ng m\u00e1y chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n Thay n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n<\/strong>: N\u1ebfu ao \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e2u kh\u00f4ng thay n\u01b0\u1edbc, h\u00e3y x\u1ea3 b\u1edbt kho\u1ea3ng 15\u201320% n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169, thay b\u1eb1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng amoniac, nitrit.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n X\u1eed l\u00fd b\u1eb1ng v\u00f4i ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ebf ph\u1ea9m sinh h\u1ecdc<\/strong>: R\u1ea3i v\u00f4i ho\u1eb7c d\u00f9ng men vi sinh \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec7t vi khu\u1ea9n g\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed9 pH. Men vi sinh c\u00f2n gi\u00fap ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y h\u1eefu c\u01a1, gi\u1ea3m m\u00f9i h\u00f4i, t\u1ea1o m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u01b0\u1edbc trong s\u1ea1ch.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n Khi b\u00e0 con l\u00e0m k\u1ef9 b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, n\u01b0\u1edbc ao s\u1ebd \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01a1n, c\u00e1 \u00edt stress, s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eefng tr\u1eadn m\u01b0a l\u1edbn m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng lo b\u1ecb \u201cshock n\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d.<\/p>\n M\u01b0a th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n, nh\u01b0ng b\u00e0 con c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u01b0a ch\u1ea3y v\u00e0o ao<\/strong> \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ao b\u1ecb qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i ho\u1eb7c n\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u00e1 lo\u00e3ng:<\/p>\n L\u00e0m r\u00e3nh d\u1eabn n\u01b0\u1edbc<\/strong>: N\u1ebfu ao n\u1eb1m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t d\u1ed1c, h\u00e3y l\u00e0m r\u00e3nh d\u1eabn n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u01b0a, v\u1eeba ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eeba tr\u00e1nh cu\u1ed1n tr\u00f4i c\u00e1 con.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n D\u00f9ng m\u00e1ng tr\u00e0n ho\u1eb7c c\u1ed1ng x\u1ea3 an to\u00e0n<\/strong>: Gi\u00fap ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t m\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc, tr\u00e1nh ng\u1eadp \u00fang, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi x\u1ea3 b\u1edbt n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n \u0110\u1eb7t b\u1ea1t che t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi<\/strong>: V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng tr\u1eadn m\u01b0a k\u00e9o d\u00e0i, b\u1ea1t ph\u1ee7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u01b0a tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o ao, v\u1eeba h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf h\u1ea1 pH \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0, \u0111\u1eebng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ec3 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u01b0a ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0o ao. N\u01b0\u1edbc m\u01b0a ch\u01b0a qua x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang theo vi sinh v\u1eadt l\u1ea1, l\u00e0m r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i trong ao.<\/p>\n Khi m\u01b0a t\u1ea1nh, vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m tra v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd n\u01b0\u1edbc<\/strong> l\u00e0 c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 quan tr\u1ecdng:<\/p>\n \u0110o pH v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 ki\u1ec1m<\/strong>: pH n\u00ean dao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb 7\u20138, ki\u1ec1m 50\u2013100 mg\/L. N\u1ebfu pH qu\u00e1 th\u1ea5p, b\u00e0 con c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1ea3i v\u00f4i b\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c v\u00f4i t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n Ki\u1ec3m tra oxy h\u00f2a tan<\/strong>: N\u01b0\u1edbc sau m\u01b0a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu oxy. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e1y s\u1ee5c kh\u00ed, m\u00e1y qu\u1ea1t n\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1eb7c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e2y th\u1ee7y sinh \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng men vi sinh<\/strong>: \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch an to\u00e0n, hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Men vi sinh gi\u00fap ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i h\u1eefu c\u01a1, gi\u1ea3m nitrit, amoniac, l\u00e0m n\u01b0\u1edbc trong h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n X\u1eed l\u00fd t\u1ea3o n\u1edf hoa<\/strong>: M\u01b0a l\u00e0m t\u0103ng dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho t\u1ea3o ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ebf ph\u1ea9m sinh h\u1ecdc chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t ho\u1eb7c th\u00eam c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1 \u0103n t\u1ea3o nh\u01b0 c\u00e1 r\u00f4 phi \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u00fap c\u00e1 kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 con. M\u1ed9t ao n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ea1ch, oxy \u0111\u1ee7, pH \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ebd gi\u00fap c\u00e1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh, gi\u1ea3m b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt, t\u0103ng s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb kinh t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n X\u1eed l\u00fd n\u01b0\u1edbc sau m\u01b0a ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 h\u1ebft. B\u00e0 con c\u1ea7n theo d\u00f5i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/strong>:<\/p>\n Ki\u1ec3m tra m\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 trong c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc<\/strong> m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y trong tu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean sau m\u01b0a.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n Quan s\u00e1t h\u00e0nh vi c\u00e1<\/strong>: C\u00e1 b\u01a1i ch\u1eadm, n\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u ho\u1eb7c t\u1ee5 l\u1ea1i \u1edf g\u00f3c ao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u stress ho\u1eb7c thi\u1ebfu oxy.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n2. V\u1ec7 sinh ao tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00f9a m\u01b0a<\/h2>\n
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3. Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd m\u01b0a v\u00e0o ao: \u0111\u00f3n hay ng\u0103n?<\/h2>\n
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4. X\u1eed l\u00fd ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc sau m\u01b0a<\/h2>\n
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5. Theo d\u00f5i v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/h2>\n
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